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- The Declaration of Independence
-
- In Congress, July 4, 1776,
-
- The Unanimous Declaration of the Thirteen United States of
- America,
-
- When in the Course of human events it becomes necessary for
- one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected
- them with another, and to assume among the Powers of the earth,
- the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of
- Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of
- mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel
- them to separation.
-
- We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are
- created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with
- certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty
- and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights,
- Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just Powers
- from the consent of the governed. That whenever any Form of
- Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of
- the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new
- Government, laying its foundation on such principles and
- organizing its Powers in such form, as to them shall seem most
- likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed,
- will dictate that Governments long established should not be
- changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all
- experience hath shewn, that mankind are more disposed to suffer,
- while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by
- abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a
- long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the
- same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute
- Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such
- Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.
- Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such
- is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former
- Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great
- Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all
- having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny
- over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a
- candid world.
-
- He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and
- necessary for the public good.
-
- He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and
- pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his
- Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly
- neglected to attend to them.
-
- He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of
- large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish
- the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right
- inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.
-
- He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual,
- uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their Public
- Records, for the sole Purpose of fatiguing them into compliance
- with his measures.
-
- He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for
- opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the
- People.
-
- He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to
- cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative Powers,
- incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large
- for their exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed
- to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions
- within.
-
- He has endeavoured to prevent the Population of these
- States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws of Naturalization
- of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their
- migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new
- Appropriations of Lands.
-
- He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing
- his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary Powers.
-
- He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the
- tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their
- salaries.
-
- He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither
- swarms of Officers to harrass our People, and eat out their
- substance.
-
- He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies
- without the Consent of our legislatures.
-
- He has affected to render the Military independent of and
- superior to the Civil Power.
-
- He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction
- foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws;
- giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation:
-
- For Quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:
-
- For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from Punishment for
- any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of
- these States:
-
- For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:
-
- For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:
-
- For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by
- Jury:
-
- For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended
- offences:
-
- For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a
- neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary
- government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it
- at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the
- same absolute rule into these Colonies:
-
- For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable
- Laws, and altering fundamentally the Forms of our
- Governments:
-
- For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring
- themselves invested with Power to legislate for us in all
- cases whatsoever.
-
- He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his
- Protection, and waging War against us.
-
- He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our
- towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.
-
- He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign
- Mercenaries to compleat the works of death, desolation and
- tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty and perfidy
- scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally
- unworthy the Head of a civilized nation.
-
- He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the
- high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the
- executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves
- by their Hands.
-
- He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has
- endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the
- merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an
- undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.
-
- In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for
- Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have
- been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince, whose character
- is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit
- to be the ruler of a free People.
-
- Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our Brittish
- brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by
- their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over
- us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration
- and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice
- and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our
- common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which, would
- inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They
- too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity.
- We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces
- our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind,
- Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.
-
- WE, THEREFORE, the Representatives of the UNITED STATES OF
- AMERICA, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme
- Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in
- the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies,
- solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and
- of Right ought to be FREE AND INDEPENDENT STATES; that they are
- Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all
- political connection between them and the State of Great Britain,
- is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that, as Free and
- Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude
- Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all
- other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do.
- And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on
- the protection of divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each
- other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor.